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　    Kicking the Habit

　　What is a bad habit? The most definition is that it is something that we do regularly, almost without thinking about it, and which has some sort of negative consequence. This consequence could affect those around us, or it could affect us personally. Those who deny having bad habits are probably lying. Bad habits are part of what makes us human.

　　Many early habits, like sucking out thumb, are broken when we are very young. We are either told to stop doing it by our parents, or we consciously or subconsciously observe that others do not have the same habit, and we gradually grow out of it. It is when we intentionally or unintentionally pick up new habits in our later childhood or early adulthood that it becomes a problem. Unless we can break that habit early on, it becomes a part of our life, and becomes "programmed" into our brain.

　　A recent study of human memory suggests that no matter how hard we try to change out habits,it is the old ways that tend to win, especially in situations where we are rushed, stressed or overworked. Habits that we thought we had got rid of can suddenly come back. During the study program, the researchers showed a group of volunteers several pictures, and gave them words to associate with them. They then showed the volunteers the same picture again, and gave them new words to associate with them.

　　A few days later, the volunteers were given a test. The researchers showed them the pictures,and told them to respond with one of the words they had been given for each one. It came as no surprise that their answers were split between the first set of words and second. Two weeks later,they were given the same test again. This time, most of them only gave the first set of words. They appeared to have completely forgotten the second set.

　　The study confirms that theresponses we learn first are those that remain strongest over time.

　　We may try to change out ways, but after a while, the response that comes to mind first is usually the first one we learned. The more that response is used, the more automatic it becomes and the harder it becomes to respond in any other way.

　　The study therefore suggests that over time, our bad habits also become automatic, learned behavior. This is not good news for people who pick up bad habits early in life and now want to change or break them. Even when we try to put new, good intentions into practice, those previous learned habits remain stronger in more automatic, unconscious forms of memory.

　　16. Boys usually develop bad habits when they are very young.

　　A. Right

　　B. Wrong

　　C. Not mentioned

　　17. We can only break bad habits if others tell us to do.

　　A. Right

　　B. Wrong

　　C. Not mentioned

　　18. Bad habits may return when we are under pressure.

　　A. Right

　　B. Wrong

　　C. Not mentioned

　　19. Researchers were surprised by the answer that the volunteers gave in the first test.

　　A. Right

　　B. Wrong

　　C. Not mentioned

　　20. The volunteers found the test more difficult when they did it the second time.

　　A. Right

　　B. Wrong

　　C. Not mentioned

　　21. The study suggests that it is more difficult to respond what to get rid of.

　　A. Right

　　B. Wrong

　　C. Not mentioned

　　22. If we develop bad habits early in life, they are harder to get rid of.

　　A. Right

　　B. Wrong

　　C. Not mentioned

       答案与解析

　　16.C。题干：男孩通常在年纪非常小的时候养成坏习惯。利用boys和bad habit进行定位，通篇都没有提到这个话题，因此答案为C。

　　17.B。题干：只有别人告诉我们，我们才能改掉不良习惯。利用题干关键词breakbadhabits可以定位到第二段第二句，即“我们或者被父母告知要停止这个习惯，或者有意或无意地观察到其他人没有同样的习惯，然后就逐渐改掉了坏习惯”。由此可知，改掉坏习惯一有两个途径。因此题干信息与原文信息不一致，故选B。

　　18.A。题干：当我们有压力时，坏习惯可能会恢复。利用题干关键词retum和pressure可以定位到第三段第一句，可知无论我们如何努力改变习惯，它总是会赢了我们，特别是我们很着急、有压力或者过度工作的时候。题干信息与原文信息一致，故选A。

　　19.B。题干：研究人员对志愿者在第一个测试中给出的答案感到吃惊。利用题干关键词surprise可以定位到第四段第三句，可知研究人员对志愿者在第一个测验中得出的结果一点都不感到惊讶。题干信息与原文信息不一致，故选B。

　　20.C。题干：志愿者们发现第二次测试更加困难。利用题干关键词more difficult和second进行定位，文章没有提及志愿者是否发现更难。因此答案为C未提及。

　　21.B。题干：研究表明，回应要去除的东西更难。利用题干关键词difficult和get rid of可以定位到第五段第二句，可知我们尝试改变方式，但首先到我们脑海中的经常是我们最开始学的，即要摆脱最先认知的内容是更困难的。题干信息与原文信息不一致，故选B。

　　22.A。题干：如果我们在早期养成了很多坏习惯，就很难将其摆脱。利用题干关键词early和harder可以定位到最后一段，可知坏习惯慢慢就变成了自动的行为，一旦早期养成了坏习惯，在后期要改变或将其打破都很难。题干信息与原文信息一致，故选A。

小编：二月